Cleveland (391,000 inhabitants) had a continuous and rapid boom from the beginning of the 1840s, benefiting from the location on Lake Erie and supported by the manufacturing industry and steel processing. The economic structural change led from the 1950s to significant population losses. During the 1990s, a number of revitalization measures were carried out, which were able to slow down the population losses in the short term. However, the downtrend has accelerated again as a result of the economic crisis. Cleveland has also gained importance through innovative strategies for interim use, which have been exploited by international discourse with the concept of 'pop up city'.

Characteristics: Cleveland